This threat reduced missing expenditures by about eight percentage points, to 20% or so.
Experimental evidence has also shown how a 100percentt probability of an audit reduced missing expenditures in an Indonesian road construction project by some eight percentage points [ 21].
Finally, the regressions reported under section 05 consist of varying observations, although very slightly, because of missing or flagged height-for-age data, missing community level health facility information, missing mother's education data or missing consumption expenditure or wealth index information.
Health professionals would also minimize expenditure by missing meals and walking to work.
Depression, anxiety and any mental disorders were consistently associated with both incremental health expenditure and missing days of normal activity.
About one-third of the participants were missing data on household expenditure, therefore imputation using a linear interpolation computation procedure was used.
This adds an extra burden to the direct expenditure, as missing days of work are associated with loss of productivity and lower wages [ 7].
Such measures included high absentee rates (which could imply manipulated enrolment rates), excessive schools fees, "excess" principal salary (40% higher than their opportunity cost), "excess" income (income exceeding expenditure), and "missing" information on grant receipt.
Even with the inclusion of hypertension and diabetes (and a third new model with both chronic diseases), depression, anxiety and any mental disorders were still statistically associated with an incremental higher health expenditure and missing days of normal activity, despite the fact that the coefficients were somewhat smaller in relation to the previous models.
The process, known as the "hot-deck" method, involves matching the medical event for which expenditure data are missing with an event that has similar characteristics.[ 14] The amount of expenditures for the similar event is then assigned to the missing data.
