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The significant amount of missing data creates a major challenge (for this task).
Because missing data creates excessive gaps along chromosomes, for the wavelet analyses, we did not remove windows with either low or very high SNP density as in previous analyses.
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Such non-random missing data create the possibility of a selection bias.
This method "fills in" plausible values for the missing data, creating five imputed (completed) data sets.
If missing data create biased estimates of PA, then substituting some reasonable value by imputation should improve the estimates of PA [ 15].
Moreover, the missing data created by trying to estimate the variance due to tutors (groups differed by tutor and tutor differed by unit, thus there was no consistency) could not have been treated in Generalizability theory.
The imputation method consisted of a) using the Markov chain Monte Carlo method to impute missing data to create a monotonic missing pattern and then b) using a logistic model to complete the imputations.
We included all children that attempted the subsections of the questionnaire in the analysis and took account of the missing data by creating an average score for each scale based on the number of questions each child had answered, thus creating scores of 1 5.
To account for missing data we created five multiply imputed datasets using predictive mean matching (PMM; e.g. Rubin 1987).
The majority of studies we reviewed also used listwise deletion to remove missing data and create a matched dataset.
Using the EM (expectation-maximization) algorithm for imputation of missing values, a second dataset including estimates for individuals with missing data was created (n = 1114).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com