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27 The decision nodes are principally the methodological qualities, the sample size and the option of using missing data (available case analysis and full ITT analysis).
Last, the analysis realized without imputation of the missing data (available case analyses) is an interesting alternative to the simple imputation in this context.
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Data not available in the NIS protocol were recorded as missing data ("not available").> -wrap-foot> Non-interventionalional study; VFA, Association of Research-Based PharmaceuTheal Companiesponsoringsoring companies of each NIS were categorized in accordance with their membership in the VFA [ 29].
Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm is often used for filling in missing data using available data from the entire time series (Junninen et al. 2004; Dempster et al. 1977).
Sophisticated methods of imputation of missing data are available [ 29, 30].
A variety of methods to deal with missing data are available.
In cases with partially missing data, the available data were used (de Kruijf et al, 2010; Nosho et al, 2010).
In case of missing data other available proxies like participating GPs or a nursing service are used.
In the event of missing responses within a questionnaire, guidelines from instrument developers were used to handle missing data where available [ 15, 17].
Redundant published trials, poor data authenticity trials (suspected fraud or plagiarism and information that could not be confirmed by authors when contacted), and trials with missing data not available from contacting the authors were excluded.
They should also check whether important predictors are recorded in each study, and evaluate the amount of missing data for available predictors; though multiple imputation can limit these issues, studies with multiple missing predictors or large proportions of missing values might be best excluded for robustness (unless imputation assumptions can be justified).
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