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For each missing data item, we will create a regression model (typically logistic regression for missing dichotomous items and linear regression for missing continuous data) that predicts the missing item based on related non-missing items from each subject, and general trends seen in the non-missing data from all subjects.
Missing continuous data were imputed by LOCF.
Expectation Maximization (EM) was used to impute missing continuous data.
However, most established methods focus on missing continuous data (1, 2).
The last observation carried forward method, using the last available postbaseline observation, was used to impute missing continuous data.
Missing continuous values were not imputed and observations with missing continuous data were not included in the analyses.
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Missing categorical or dichotomous variable data were imputed with the mode with missing continuous variables data imputed with the median.
Missing continuous outcome data were not addressed appropriately (either not addressed at all or use of baseline data carried forward analysis) in four studies.
The last observation carried forward (LOCF) approach was used to impute missing continuous efficacy data.
The present analyses are therefore based on 18,406 men (17,724 for whom data were complete, 682 for whom data values on missing continuous covariates were imputed).
In addition, C4.5, which was developed from the ID3 algorithm, deals with problems of missing data, continuous data, pruning rules, and splitting criterion [ 40].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com