Overuse of investigations leading to resource wastage has been highlighted from as early as 1979. 1 There is very little evidence that excessive testing improves diagnostic accuracy or patient care 2 4 5 7 and indeed may be harmful to patients due to misinterpretations and lead to further inappropriate testing or even potentially harmful clinical interventions.
The first author manually categorized the email subject fields, which were presented to the other authors for discussion, avoid misinterpretation, and to derive categories.
As stated by MCDEM (2008), p. 50, "there is a need for further analysis and/or translation of primary science information to limit misinterpretation and to ensure it meets the needs of all organisations".
Table 7 Recommendation 14 "Understanding Volcanic Hazard and Communicating Science Advice", from the 17 recommendations suggested by MCDEM after Exercise Ruaumoko (MCDEM 2008, p. 50 51) … there is a need for further analysis and/or translation of primary science information to limit misinterpretation and to ensure it meets the needs of all organisations.
In accordance with the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials guidelines [31], we relied on interactions between treatment and subgroups with the aim to avoid misinterpretation and to better understand the trial results for subgroups of patients.
Regardless, however, the moral obligation remains the same: to mitigate the harms of testing and of misinterpretation and to protect the value of autonomous choice.
Those authors provided a conceptual dissociation between clinical and cognitive insight, suggesting that cognitive insight is a form of cognitive flexibility that involves first an ability to distance oneself from distorted beliefs and misinterpretations and then to reappraise these beliefs and recognize erroneous conclusions [ 24, 25].
However disc interpretation requires good clinical skills and it is the most challenging part of the glaucoma screening process prone to misinterpretation and failure to diagnose pathology.
This made it possible to avoid misinterpretations and miscalculations due to different picture positioning, exposure, and limb flexion and rotation, which might easily influence the measurement results.
Periodic meetings were set up between the sites and sponsors; sites and CRO; and sites, CRO, and sponsors to discuss any misunderstanding, misinterpretation, and challenges to ensure a common understanding and practice.
