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The types of misconduct vary and include not obtaining approval from research ethics committees, not obtaining informed consent from trial participants and the fabrication of data [1] [5].
While these factors are recognised globally, the extent to which they play or interplay in any particular case of research misconduct vary and are probably context specific.
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Reports on colleagues' misconduct varied between 12.85% (when Tangney (1987) [32] was removed) and 15.41% (when Titus et al. (2008) [31] was removed (Figure 6).
Even the definition of research misconduct varies between agencies.
But "the definition of misconduct varies from university to university, and from country to country," Steneck says.
The factors that lead some investigators to commit misconduct are varied and poorly understood.
The questionnaire-based study reported here was conducted to assess the prevailing self-reported attitudes and behaviours of medical students in Pakistan regarding academic misconduct, specifically lying, cheating and stealing, in addition to plagiarism, and to establish whether attitudes and behaviours vary depending on the gender, year of study and/or type of medical institution within Pakistan.
Countries vary, cities vary, neighbourhoods vary.
Showtimes vary.
Programs vary.
Pitfalls vary.
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