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Misclassification of infection by blood-borne viruses is possible because not all OST recipients will have been routinely tested.
Missing data on testing history and a large proportion of tests analyzed with less sensitive technology will tend to bias the results towards the null because of misclassification of infection status.
The high prevalence of infection in Portugal compared with other Western countries (Quina, 1994) may further obscure an effect modification, as there is a high potential for misclassification of infection status, especially among the cases (Peleteiro et al, 2010).
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The relatively low impact of influenza-like illness/upper respiratory tract infection on Guillain-Barré syndrome in the UK could also be the consequence of non-differential false negative misclassification of infections: patients were advised not to visit their general practitioner for influenza-like illness.
Because there are no gold standard criteria for diagnosing infection, there might be some misclassifications of infection status in this study.
First, misclassification of occult infection is possible because infection status was classified on the basis of the presence of microfilaremia.
In addition, retrospective review of clinical records for symptoms of infection could have resulted in misclassification of infected patients as uninfected, though including vital signs in the definition, which were consistently recorded for these patients, should limit the degree of misclassification.
In both sites, health care staff and patients identified concerns about possible misclassification of HIV infection.
The analysis accounts for differential misclassification of the infection status; that is, the sensitivity and specificity are different for samples collected before and since 1998.
Second, the method uses data on case reports, which may be subject to underreporting, misclassification of transmission risk group or stage of infection, or incomplete information.
This, along with the persistence of gametocytes in the blood, can lead in some cases to a misclassification of recurrent infections as recrudescences (16).
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com