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As LD between the BsmI marker and an unknown functional allele is not likely to be complete, some non-differential misclassification can occur (Khoury et al. 1993).
Although digit preference (and other non-differential misclassification) can occur, the implication is that more respondents are required than would be the case with perfect information.
In exposure terms, both differential and nondifferential misclassification can occur, for example, when environmental measures do not accurately reflect actual exposure, and may lead to biased study results and/or a reduction in study power.
Though misclassification can occur in every database, the coding of ICPC and ATC codes by the GPs in the RNG database was proven to be accurate by previous studies [ 7, 13].
In epidemiological studies focusing on THMs and HAAs in drinking water and human health outcomes, exposure misclassification can occur through the assessment of population exposure to these compounds and especially in the estimation of their levels in residential tap water [ 5- 7].
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In order to eliminate any risk of misclassification that can occur when sequences exhibit very low sequence identity with the reference Hanks and Hunter profiles, we retain only sequences that are annotated in Swissprot.
Misclassification bias can occur inadvertently for the indication of maternal infection, as factors such as an incompetent cervix or abnormal presentation of the foetus can induce PROM.
7 36 37 Use of broad diagnosis categories in administrative data has been demonstrated to overcome the under-ascertainment and misclassification that can occur with more specific diagnoses.
Misclassification bias can occur if subjects are inaccurately classified regarding the outcome of interest (i.e., renal disease) or the exposure being investigated (i.e., PPI use).
Using a unique dataset that contains validated household income data for approximately 78% of the population of British Columbia (BC), we investigate the level of misclassification that can occur when census-defined, area-based income is used as a proxy for an individual's actual household-level income.
Under these circumstances, recall bias could have had an effect; however, this method is less likely to be hampered by recall bias (than are those studies that rely on self-reported exposure to a single agent) or misclassification (as can occur when a job exposure matrix is used).
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