For example, with the deceased mode of transportation, the extent of misclassification (by our study) or misreporting (by NCRB) that contributed to the differences between the two sources is uncertain.
Misclassification of the studied diagnoses by erroneous use of the ICD-10 codes in medical records from different parts of the country was seen in only one of the 86 studied cases and seemed to be a minor problem in this cohort.
This may be due to misreporting or misclassification of income by study participants, as a single question is often considered inadequate to measure income precisely.
Second, with respect to information concerning the physicians' schools examined in the study, misclassification by physicians or medical representatives, who collected the information, may have occurred.
Although bias was limited in the present study, misclassification by using FS rather than "gold standard" colonoscopy as a screening modality has inevitably misclassified some individuals with proximal neoplasia as adenoma-free.
Most studies were limited by exposure misclassification, by limited information on dose and duration of use, and by the possibility of uncontrolled detection biases.
Once validated, these models can reduce exposure misclassification by allowing the assignment of individualized, rather than average, exposures to study subjects.
Misclassification by case status is also a potential limitation for this study.
By contrast, exposure misclassification in studies using serology to determine prior Campylobacter infection cannot be expected to be non-differential.
Theory and software have been developed to quantify the impact of study estimates by unmeasured confounding, 41, 56 and misclassification of study variables.
