The impact of damaged DNA originating in the male germ line is poorly understood, but may contribute to early pregnancy loss (recurrent miscarriage), placental problems and have an impact on the health of the offspring.
In addition, despite the possible effects on fertility owing to the unbalanced chromosomes resulting from a crossover within the inverted region in heterozygotes, for some of these inversions no increased risk for miscarriage or problems in chromosome segregation during meiosis have been observed [ 55, 56].
As practicing obstetricians, we are concerned about the extensive reporting of a small study that linked caffeine with miscarriages ("Pregnancy Problems Tied to Caffeine," news article, Jan . 21.
For as long as there are women having miscarriages and problems with infertility, for as long as parents are having to say goodbye to their babies before they ever take their first steps, or even their first breath—I will continue to share my story of loss.
The co-existence of a systemic metabolic disorder, associated malformations or dysmorphic features would lower the threshold for investigation as would a family history of consanguinity, stillbirths, multiple miscarriages, fertility problems, genital abnormalities, hernias, delayed puberty, genital surgery, unexplained deaths and the need for steroid replacement.
Fewer embryos Improvements in IVF techniques and success rates have led to a trend towards transferring fewer embryos to the mother to cut the risks of miscarriage and health problems related to multiple pregnancies.
Many health consequences are related to physical violence: injury, gynecological problems, miscarriage and self-harming behaviors such as smoking [ 2].
The health risks of smoking among women are mainly osteoporosis, infertility, cervical cancer and pregnancy related problems (miscarriage, low birth weight, ectopic pregnancy, perinatal mortality and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) [ 5- 8].
Late booking is particularly common in Nigeria, particularly in multiparous women, and has been found to be associated with educational level of partners, previous miscarriage and medical problems in the index pregnancy [ 31].
