Most of the train drivers, conductors, and traffic controllers are recruited at the age of 20+ years, and because railway employees have very little turnover, age minus 20 years is a good proxy for the exposure time.
Cooling degree days, calculated by summing each day's average temperature minus 18 °C, are proxies for heat and light and were used to compare relative amounts of heat and light throughout the years.
Enterprise value the sum of a company's market capitalization and total debt, minus cash and marketable securities makes a good proxy for the minimum price an acquirer must pay.
AdMob measures ad requests from both mobile browsers and mobile apps, thus its numbers are a good proxy for mobile Web usage (minus paid apps which don't serve ads, of course).
In practice, our Proxy Unemployment is equal to 1 minus the Employment Rate.
Primary outcomes for patients were change from baseline in mini mental state examination (MMSE) score, Cornell depression scale score, and proxy rated quality of life (EQ-VAS) score.
Main outcome measures Primary outcomes at 12 months for patients were change from baseline in mini mental state examination (MMSE) score, Cornell depression scale score, and proxy rated European quality of life visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS) score.
30 Residents categorised as cognitively impaired (that is, those who scored less than 24 on the mini mental state examination) had their principal carer act as a proxy when completing subsequent primary outcome measures.
We used the average annual Tamiflu sales minus 25% VAT in years 2004--2008 as a proxy for the cost in 2005/06.
Because the medio-lateral knee motion assessed by visual inspection during the single-limb mini squat was valid in 2-D, the clinical test may be used as proxy.
