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Examples include groundwater abstraction, subsurface mining, vegetation removal, chemical explosions and infrastructure (loading).
To determine which factors had significant effects, three impact factors (time after mining, vegetation types, and surface soil bulk density) were evaluated as independent variables by SPSS linear regression.
A regression model based on the initial infiltration rate and three impact factors (time after mining, vegetation types, and surface soil bulk density) was significant with a high correlation.
During the process of surface coal mining, vegetation cover is completely stripped, and soils and overburden (OB) rocks are removed to reach the coal-deposit, which generates huge volume of heterogeneous mass, stored as OB dumps (external dumps) or used as backfill materials to fill open cast voids (internal dumping).
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The survey also included four remnant/undisturbed locations nominated by the Rehabilitation Monitoring Program EMRCC 2006) to represent the predominant pre-mining vegetation communities (Tables 2 and 3).
The post-mining vegetation should be "at least equal in extent of cover to the natural vegetation," "capable of stabilizing the soil surface, capable of self-regeneration and plant succession, and compatible with both the post-mining land use and local ecosystems" (30 CFR 816.111).
Besides clearing the mining area, vegetation in the adjoining areas also needs to be cut in order to construct roads and residential facilities for the mine workers.
Specifically, variations in soil bulk density and water infiltration rate and the influences of coal mining and vegetation type on the properties during different subsidence stages were studied at the Shendong Bulianta mine.
Guano mining, which removed vegetation and scraped the land surface, has caused the destruction of much native flora and fauna, and hunting and the introduction of exotic species have altered the ecological balance that previously existed.
Brandon Nida, one of the march's organizers and native West Virginian, said he expected thousands of people will converge on the tiny town of Blair, W.Va., for the protest, which plans to highlight the destruction caused by of mountaintop removal, an environmentally destructive surface mining practice where vegetation and earth are blasted away to expose the coal underneath.
Surface mining destroys the vegetation of the natural tropical high forest and lead to the formation of a secondary forest devoid of big trees.
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