While they do control much of Colombia's drug trafficking and illegal mining trades, they also have strong ties to local elites and politicians and often do their bidding, said Ariel Avila, a conflict analyst.
Those who exploited or avoided the process altogether instead integrated into the national crime syndicates, or bacrim, that now control Colombia's drug, prostitution, extortion, and illegal mining trades.
In 1994 Motsepe founded a mine services company, Future Mining, and applied all of his life experience knowledge of the mining trade and its workers, school connections, understanding of political and legal structures, and a shrewd spirit of entrepreneurship to his new work.
When Bowman Gilfillan reorganized in the new postapartheid environment, Motsepe left to apply his business acumen to the mining trade.
Through its many subsidiaries and brands, De Beers participates in most facets of the diamond industry, including mining, trading, and retail.
Profiting from the mining trade, Sacramento grew rapidly and was the scene of an armed squatter's riot over the legality of Sutter's grant.
The surging mining trade has made Mongolia the world's fastest-growing economy, transforming Ulan Bator into a city where Soviet bust meets Chinese boom.
The heavy agricultural and mining trade of the Columbia River basin was dominated by Portland through a monopolistic combination of river steamers and connecting stages.
It lies on the coastal road and is a centre for mining, trade, and tourism inspired by the mountain caves and coastal scenery.
Across West Penwith, tin mining and the mining trade exerted a strong impact on regional socioeconomic and cultural development from the Bronze Age until the end of the 19th Century, seen through settlement patterns, scientific innovation and Nonconformism.
The work invokes a 'performative commons' (Maddock Dillon) of an early baroque-era, addressing global circulations of metals through proto-industrial mining, trade, and ecology as well as performance in the early modern Anthropocene.
