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Large-scale mining led by global companies listed on the London stock exchange has expanded dramatically in the past decade.
Exhaustion of reserves and the increasing costs of mining led to the closure of the Kansanshi and Chambishi mines in the mid-1980s, and rationalization of operations in an attempt to contain costs has closed down some refining and ancillary plants.
The necessity of avoiding areas subject to subsidence caused by mining led to a patchy development of the densely built-up residential and factory areas and open spaces over the extensive area of the city's administrative limits (162 square miles [420 square km]).
During the 1950s, open-cast mining led to an increasing input of heavy-metal-rich terrigenous particles in the bays near Nouméa, detected by geochemical and sedimentological analyses.
Frequent rockfalls as a result of mining led to calls to destroy the mountain in 1907.
In the 1770s and 1780s the discovery of copper at Parys Mountain in Anglesey which could be cheaply extracted by opencast mining led to a crash in the copper price, and expensive deep mining began to become unviable.
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Data mining leads to personalised marketing, yet half the "genetic information" up for sale from companies that interpret your genome to tell you your supposed genetic risk has been shown to be false.
Natural succession of spoil heaps after brown coal mining leads to the development of rich plant and invertebrate communities and therefore has been considered a proper alternative to conventional reclamation practice.
Finally, genome mining leads to a better understanding of the functions of some of the secondary metabolites for the producing organisms and unveil new biosynthetic mechanisms that will become an inspiration for synthetic biology and biotechnical applications.
For example, maximal itemset mining leads to a drastically reduced number of patterns but also results in the loss of information on the relative importance of the itemset subsets in relation to the dataset.
Tensions between white and Chinese mine workers at the Union Pacific coal mine led to the destruction of 79 homes owned or occupied by Chinese.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com