South Africa's mining houses are paralysed by tradition.
The big mining houses stuck it out, but at considerable cost.
Among mining houses, 60% said the disease was hurting profits and productivity.
Sanlam has already unloaded its stake in Engen, an oil company, and part of its interest in a mining house.
All the mining houses are headquartered in the city, as is the Chamber of Mines, which regulates the industry.
The mining houses argue that they are justified because the head office provides skills, including accounting and geological expertise, more efficiently than any individual mine could by itself.
He went to work at South Africa's most conservative Afrikaans mining house before taking a job with Mbeki.
Mesmerised by the vast, rich gold reef of the Witwatersrand, the big mining houses have not sought deposits elsewhere in the country.
The rebels needed cash, and men from the world's mining houses were lining up outside their headquarters in Goma, in eastern Zaire.
Some of its customers are banks, retailers and mining houses which want to connect their African branches or payroll and personnel systems seamlessly.
The next year, a deal for several mines was in the works with a group of foreign mining houses, which chose to collaborate rather than compete with each other.
