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The stress-relief effect was investigated and analyzed in consideration with mining height and three thick hard strata.
The mining height and the overburden depth at the upper panel edge are 7.0 and 700 ft (2.13 and 213 m), respectively.
The maximum height of the caving zone after No. 11-2 seam was mined was 8.0 m or 4 times of mining height, and internal strata of the caving zone collapsed irregularly.
The porosity in caving regions can be chosen by the relationship between rock features, mining height, and the position of the goaf, as proposed by Liang et al. (2009).
The mining factors in the formation of bed-separation water hazards include rooftop management method, dimensions of the working face, mining height, and progression speed, etc. 1. Rooftop management method.
(2) The maximum height of the caving zone after the extraction of No. 11-2 seam was 8.0 m, which was 4 times of the seam mining height and the internal strata of the caving zone collapsed irregularly.
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Currently, in order to overcome the difficulties in mining high gassy and ultra-thick coal seams, some mining companies in China, such as Tunliu mine and Wangzhuang mine of Luan Group, and Tashan mine of Datong Group, conducted various LTCC mining experiments with large mining heights and studies on the ground control at LTCC faces.
The surface deformation for different backfill materials was predicted by an equivalent mining height model and numerical simulations.
Open image in new window Fig. 2 Relationship of strains to mining height (a) and panel extraction (b).
(1) Open image in new window Fig. 3 Relations between the maximum bed-separation height (△h), mining height (M), and ratio between the two.
At different stages of non-periodical ground pressure and periodical pressure, as the differences in mining height, advance speed and distance from the support tip to the coal wall, the spalling depth and spalling ratio were different at a LLTCC coal mining face (Yan 2008; Yin et al. 2008; Zhang et al. 2010).
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