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Whereas the ES concept is commonly employed in urban and regional landscape planning (e.g. Grunewald and Bastian 2015; Maraja et al. 2016; Panduro and Veie 2013), there is less experience of ES in relation to mining cities and post-mining development.
Half of the labour force in Liaoning's mining cities, such as Fuxin (with a population of 1.5m) and Beipiao (630,000), are jobless.It was not always so.
For example, in the mining cities of Potosí and Oruro, tens of thousands of Bolivians and foreign tourists celebrate Carnival by paying homage to the Virgin of the Mines and to Pachamama.
A government team recently concluded that the exhaustion of resources in China's mining cities posed "far more complex and serious problems" than those experienced by similar cities in countries like Russia, France, Germany or Japan.
Bolivia is home to numerous large high altitude mining cities, including Potosí (4,090 metres) and Oruro (3,709 metres), where silver miners are known for chewing bags of coca leaves to keep their energy levels high and curb hunger.
The most popular match-day headgear is the makarapa, a variation on the miner's helmet, an icon in mining cities such as Johannesburg, topped by elaborate decorations and images in bright colours.
Similar(42)
Therefore, if a basic design for GI is drawn up for each mining city, this can help to guide post-mining planning (Grunewald et al. 2017).
Kladno, mining city, north-central Czech Republic, northwest of Prague.
Broken Hill, mining city, west-central New South Wales, Australia.
Mr. Morozov was born in Soligorsk, a small mining city whose name means "mountains of salt".
The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation reported that it extended as far north as the mining city of Sudbury.
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