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In contrast, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization guidelines recommend a minimum vitamin D intake of 600 IU/day for women aged > 65 years.
Based on the positive effect for musculoskeletal health, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) in 2011 recommended minimum vitamin D levels of 50 nmol/L (≥20 ng/mL) [ 74] (Table 3).
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In conclusion, our estimates suggest that many children may not get enough sun exposure to meet their minimum daily vitamin D requirements.
Although our estimates assumed "optimistic" clothing scenarios for making vitamin D3, they raise the question as to whether American children are going outdoors enough to meet their minimum daily vitamin D requirements (600 IU/day; for blood levels of 20 ng/mL or 50 nmol/L) recommended by the Institute of Medicine (2011).
The minimum dose of vitamin D that causes hypercalcemia in some healthy adults is 40,000 IU taken daily for many months.
It is likely that a minimum threshold of vitamin D exposure from both sun and diet is required to achieve a reduction in breast cancer risk among postmenopausal white women.
It is plausible that the association of plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 25(OH)D3 and 25(OH D with breast cancer risk is non-linear, and a minimum threshold is needed for vitamin D to exert a protective effect [ 5].
According to our estimates, the minimum recommended daily dose of vitamin D (600 IU/day; Institute of Medicine 2011) is achieved by skin type II children in the northern United States only during the summer and only if they do not wear sunscreen with SPF ≥ 15.
The patients with JIA were given daily supplements of 1,000 mg of calcium and 800 IU of vitamin D for a minimum of 6 months before the start of anti-TNFα treatment.
Nevertheless, most studies point to significant protective effects of vitamin D in humans when the minimum 25(OH D serum level exceeds 30 ng/mL and is maintained throughout the year.
Vitamin K injections to neonates and a minimum daily intake of 400 IU (10 μg) of vitamin D beginning soon after birth are therefore recommended by many countries [ 8– 10].
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