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For the distillation process, the CDM solution was found to give a comparable minimum total area and cost to four recently published programming HEN synthesis solutions for the same problem without requiring the increased network complexity through multiple stream splits.
More importantly, we found that occupancy was related to critical thresholds in composition: patches required ≥73% old-growth forest cover or a minimum total area of 73 ha of old-growth forest to be occupied by flying squirrels.
A methodology for designing a HRL based on a ΔTmin approach is compared to three programming optimisation approaches where heat exchangers are constrained to have the same NTU (Number of Heat Transfer Units), LMTD (Log-Mean Temperature Difference) or to find the absolute MTA (Minimum Total Area) for a given heat recovery level.
Thus the optimization criterion is accepted to be the minimum total area (footprint) of the units.
For the given data set in Table 1 and for α = 0.7, the minimum total area is obtained at X = 3.23 kg/m3, which is the same as the optimum sludge concentration Xopt predicted by Eq. (19) (and also as that illustrated in Fig. 3).
Thus, if Eq. (21) has got some solution for α = αopt, then putting that value of α in Eq. (19), the value of Xopt can also be calculated, and finally, the minimum total area (AT/Q0)min can be calculated from Eq. (16).
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These constraints are identified along with the solutions for minimum total reinforcement area.
Using the hypotheses for ultimate strength design sanctioned by ACI 318-05 (2008), the minimum total reinforcement area required to provide adequate resistance to axial load and moment is shown to occur for particular constraints on longitudinal reinforcement area or distributions of strain.
Open image in new window Fig. 7 Relationships between evacuation population and minimum total shelter area (MIA).
Open image in new window Fig. 9 Fitting surfaces of maximum total weighted evacuation time (MAT), minimum total shelter area (MIA), and evacuation population.
Plaque number, size (maximum area, minimum area) and total area were determined automatically in the parietal neocortices and hippocampus.
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