The minimum time estimate of 0.23 Ga 0.12 0.39 Gaa) (Fig. 3, Table 1, node L), probably a substantial underestimate of the true time, results from the limited phylogenetic sampling available for this group.
We also used a lognormal prior for the root height parameter to incorporate information from the fossil record (fossils attributed to Batrachoseps dating from 5.3 million years ago have been recovered in the vicinities of the San Francisco Bay Area [ 16], thus providing a minimum time estimate for the parameter root.height in BEAST analyses).
Each fossil calibration point provided a "relaxed" minimum divergence time estimate (see above) and assigned a prior with a normal distribution around a mean that was set to a time corresponding to the most recent age of the stratigraphic level estimated for the fossil based on the relevant literature.
To obtain a minimum divergence time estimate of L. helicina from Arctic and Antarctic regions we also analysed the data within BEAST v1.4.8 (using a SRD06 nucleotide model and an uncorrelated log-normal relaxed clock model) using a fixed calibration date of 58.7 Ma on the divergence of Limacina (Limacinidae) and Hyalocylis (Creseinae) [29].
Contrariwise, minimum time since introduction estimates may be too high for species introduced earliest.
Fossils are useful only for minimum time constraints to estimate divergence times of the Lophiiformes, as generally acknowledged [ 40, 84].
Weak currents at depths >200 m suggest that Nautilus movement rates arise principally from self-propulsion, giving an estimated minimum time of 70 days to navigate the perimeter of Osprey Reef.
Given that it takes about five biological half-lives to reach steady state, the estimated minimum time to reach steady state would be 250 days in lactating animals and 465 days for nonlactating animals.
The estimated minimum time needed to complete study procedures was: eligibility and coordination with referring health care provider (5 minutes), informed consent process (20 minutes), baseline assessment (20 minutes), intervention (15 minutes), postintervention assessment (20 minutes), and final check, review of all forms, compensation, and receipt (10 minutes).
However, the minimum detection time for approaching bats mediated through wind sensors will be much shorter compared to the minimum acoustic detection time estimated for resting insects listening to echolocation signals.
