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It is conservative to assign a fossil to a stem node given that a hard minimum time constraint is used for calibration [ 45].
Bayesian estimation of divergence times was done by assigning the oldest known fossil in Hypericum as a minimum time constraint to (A) the stem node, and (B) to the crown node of Hypericum (Additional file 1: Calibration; Additional file 1: Figure S2).
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However, to minimize the risk of over-constraining the resulting timetree, we used them only as minimum time constraints.
Fossils are useful only for minimum time constraints to estimate divergence times of the Lophiiformes, as generally acknowledged [ 40, 84].
In Figure 3, minimum time constraints based on fossil records (see Table 2) are plotted against molecular time estimates of the corresponding divergences (values taken from Fig. 2).
Azuma et al. [ 43] also noted such large differences and plotted minimum time constraints based on the fossil record against molecular time estimates of the corresponding nodes.
8) ACL minimum online time constraint.
1) This unit satisfies minimum up time constraint.
(1) On each DLC time interval, for each ACL group, if its state is OFF, then check whether the minimum online time constraint is satisfied.
Minimum down time constraint: left[{t}_{mathrm{OFF}}Big( FC,left t-1right Big -{D}_{mathrm{min}}(FC,left t-1right Big -{D}_{mathrm{min}UBig( FC,left t-1right Big -{D}_{mathrm{min}
Minimum up time constraint: left[{t}_{mathrm{on}}Big( FC,left t-1right Big -{U}_{mathrm{min}}(FC,left t-1right Big -{U}_{mathrm{min}ight)-UBig( FC,left t-1right Big -{U}_{mathrm{min}
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