While many paleontologists think that birds evolved from ground-dwelling dinosaurs, initial calculations left them perplexed: The top running speed of Archaeopteryx, for example, seemed to max out around 2 meters per second, well short of the minimum takeoff speed--at least 6 meters per second.
With halteres weighing about six pounds each, takeoff speed actually increased 2percentt.
Swinging weights, however, might be expected to reduce the takeoff speed and thus the length of the jump.
Usually the takeoff speed is higher than stall speed at ground level.
The short-takeoff procedure involves proceeding with normal takeoff and then applying a thrust vector (less than 90°) at a runway speed below normal takeoff speed; usually the point of application is around 65 kn.
Additionally, due to the high average takeoff speed of 250 mph, Concorde needed upgraded brakes.
For lower takeoff speeds the thrust vector is greater.
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