Two types of cold waves are identified based on observed minimum surface temperature and statistical analysis.
To provide raster representations of global summer daytime maximum and nighttime minimum surface temperature for studies related to human health and climate change.
As for the same case in experimental result, the minimum surface temperature is obtained at 0.55 m.
The reattachment point for q = 719 W/m2 is observed at 0.542 m, which is the minimum surface temperature.
To identify cold wave events in historical data, based on coherent fluctuations in daily minimum surface temperature (Tmin), we define an index by taking an area average of Tmin anomalies over the region 71°E-80°E 71°E-80°EN (Fig. 1a).
For example, green cover ratio and floor area ratio can explain 94.47 98.57% of the variance for daily maximum surface temperature, green cover ratio and building height can explain 98.94 99.12% of the variance for daily minimum surface temperature, and floor area ratio, green cover ratio and building density together can explain 99.49 99.69% of the variance for time of peak surface temperature.
Eleven sites, representing different urban morphologies across central Beijing, are used to simulate urban heat island effects and explore the relationship between urban planning indicators and climate indicators such as daily maximum and minimum surface temperatures.
The surface temperature estimation method used for this analysis successfully estimated minimum surface temperatures on north-facing, south-facing, valley, and ridgeline topographic settings, and when compared to measured temperatures yielded an R2 of 0.88, 0.80, 0.88, and 0.80, respectively.
Maximum surface temperatures generally had slightly more spatial variability than minimum surface temperatures, resulting in R2 values of 0.86, 0.77, 0.72, and 0.79 for north-facing, south-facing, valley, and ridgeline topographic settings.
To estimate monthly minimum and maximum temperatures near the ground surface at a height of 0.05 m, we applied the following equation, a rearrangement of Equation 2: T 0.05 = T 0 - A ln z - d z H (3). where T 0.05) is the monthly estimate for either minimum or maximum surface temperature at z = 0.05 m, T0 is as determined from Equation 2, and A, d, and zH are as defined above (Equations 1 and 2).
The minimum surface water temperature was recorded during monsoon season (November 2012) and maximum was recorded during the summer season (May 2013) Fig. 3.
