The full extent of the middle network within the unit cell is shown in Figures 4 d,e,, with the Schwartz P minimum surface added in Figure 4 d.
However, the overall activity curves for the two surfactant preparations were very similar, with both reaching minimum surface tensions of <1 mN/m by 10 min of bubble pulsation (Figure 4).
CLSE (0.5 mg/ml) had equivalent minimum surface tension values of 7±2 mN/m and <1 mN/m at these times of bubble pulsation (Figure 3A).
S-MB and MB surfactants had very high surface activity in captive bubble experiments and reached identical minimum surface tension values <1 mN/m during each of ten consecutive cycles of dynamic cycling (rate of 20 cycles/min, Figure 13).
At a low phosphonolipid concentration of 0.5 mg/ml, DEPN-8+1.5% Mini-B reached minimum surface tensions of 4±1 mN/m (at 5 min of pulsation) and <1 mN/m (at 10 min of pulsation) (Figure 3A).
Figure 4 a gives an impression of the proposed ${Ia\bar 3d}$ structure, including the minimum surface that separates the two networks (see also SI).
Both of these synthetic mixtures were equivalent to CLSE in reaching minimum surface tensions of <1 mN/m on all ten recorded cycles of captive bubble compression/expansion at either a quasi-static rate (Figure 5) or at a dynamic rate (Figure 6).
In comparison, DEPN-8 alone at 2.5 mg/ml had a minimum surface tension of 14±2 mN/m at 2 min, and required 15 min of bubble pulsation to reach values of <1 mN/m (Figure 3B).
Somewhere in your mathematical upbringing, you may have learned that a sphere has the minimum surface area for its volume.
High surface charge density for graphene/Al2O3 layers is considered 200 mC/m, and minimum surface charge is 0 mC/m.
