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Both these issues are reported to be present in EU fisheries, although for those that are not managed by quota the biggest problem is minimum landing size discards.
Undersize fish may be discarded due to the minimum landing size regulations, overquota fish can be discarded in a multi-species fishery due to quota exhaustion of one species.
It is when fishermen are forced to throw fish overboard, either because they don't have quotas to catch those fish; the fish are below the minimum landing size; they're not the species the skipper was targeting; or because they need to make room on the boat for more commercially valuable fish, called "high grading".
In all three grid designs, there were losses of Norway lobster above minimum landing size.
The catch rate of cod above minimum landing size (≥44 cm) of pots with one entrance was 82% higher than that of pots with two entrances.
The retention of Norway lobster above minimum landing size in the sorting box was higher compared to a general selection model.
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"Because gurnard have historically been taken as bycatch – accidentally caught when fishing for other species and are not targeted by commercial fishing interests – there are no catch restrictions or minimum landing sizes.
The aims of the study were to: (a) describe the species composition from a professional small-scale fishery, (b) define fishing tactics, target and incidentally caught species and (c) test the adequacy of the minimum landing sizes (MLS) based on the EU regulation 1967/2006 in relation to fishing tactics and target species.
The most favourable selective properties with regard to simultaneously improving the selectivity for round and flatfish, considering the current minimum landing sizes (MLS) for cod (38 cm) and plaice (25 cm) in the Baltic Sea and the fish population size structures during the sea trials, were found to be the T90 codend and the Bacoma codend with a modified lower panel.
Minimum landing sizes (MLS) for C. pagurus are set by both the European Union technical regulations and by the UK government.
Selection towards early maturation can arise directly due to increased fishing mortality, but fishing is in most cases (virtually always) at least to some extent also size-selective by targeting larger individuals due to minimum landing sizes and gear regulations.
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