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The average B-factor, the X-ray scattering intensity of the specimen, and the number of particles required to determine the structure at a lower resolution can be used to estimate the minimum fold increase in the number of particles that would be required to extend a single particle reconstruction to a specified higher resolution.
The results for the four cases below are presented in terms of two key model outputs: (1) relative tumorigenic efficiency of mutator vs. non-mutator pathways, Nrel, and (2) the minimum fold increase in mutation rate required from a mutator mutation before the mutator pathway has a relative tumorigenic efficiency greater than or equal to 1, termed α50%.
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The maximum and minimum optical density readings at 600 nm listed in each row are not necessarily from the same isolate; therefore, the maximum- and minimum-fold increase cannot be calculated directly from the table.
We used CoCl2 as a mimetic of hypoxia since this induced a minimum 15 20 fold increase in WM9 HIF-1α protein level (Fig. 3).
Radiation-induced liver disease(RILD was defined as either a minimum two-fold increase in anicteric elevation of ALP and non-malignant ascites or a minimum five-fold increase in elevated transaminases over the upper limit of normal or of pretreatment levels (Grade 3 or 4 hepatic toxicity by RTOG toxicity criteria) within 4 months after completion of radiotherapy.
For Picciotto vs Xu mutant analyses the minimum fold change was increased to 2.0.
Growth on HMO as the only carbon source induced the expression of four F1SBP genes in the exponential phase, Blon_0883, Blon_2344, Blon_2347 and Blon_2350 ("induced" was defined as a minimum two-fold increase in gene expression; Figure 2A).
A minimum 4-fold increase in antibody titers is necessary between the acute and convalescent phases [ 2].
To focus on over-expressed transcripts, we additionally filtered significant genes for a minimum 1.5-fold increase compared with the normalized mean across samples.
A minimum 3-fold increase in the mRNA and protein levels of mainly MCP-1 and IL-8 were found, thus validating the hypothesis to some extent.
Two cycles of RNA mutagenesis and selection on increasing concentrations of cefotaxime resulted in mutants with a minimum 10,000-fold increase in resistance, an outcome achieved faster and with fewer overall mutations than in comparable studies using other mutagenesis strategies.
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