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That is why this angle is considered as the minimum energy angle.
The minimum energy angle (χ 0) (Hicks and Francis 2006) is the angle at which reflectivity of the two-term AVO approximation is zero.
In order to obtain the reservoir facies distribution, a background EEI was established based on an identified minimum energy angle, thereby enabling the mapping of reservoir facies from quantitative petrophysical properties and background EEI cubes.
After generating the EEI log spectrum (angle ranging from χ = −90° to χ = +90°), the analysis of the spectrum was meticulously carried out and the minimum energy angle was located at exactly χ = 22°, as shown in Fig. 13a.
In order to obtain the reservoir facies distribution, another concept of minimum energy angle was used to generate the background EEI cube, thereby enabling the mapping of reservoir facies.
Open image in new window Fig. 13 a EEI log spectrum indicating the minimum energy χ at 22° b comparison of EEI log at minimum energy angle of χ = 22° with P-impedance.
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According to the Merchant's theory, with the increase of rake angle, the shear plane angle corresponding the minimum energy also increases, which accordingly lowers the cutting force [37].
When the surface energy of the Pt/Pd thin film is bigger than the sum of the surface energy of Si substrate and the interfacial energy between two layers, the film begins agglomerating to be minimum energy state with uniform contact angle [15].
For the phase angle detection module, PLL is used to calculate the DVR initial angle of pre-sag compensation and the final angle of the minimum energy compensation.
The embedded Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) positioning system improves the tracking of elevation and azimuth angles with minimum energy consumption.
Then, an integrated performance index consisting of maximum line-of-sight angle rate and minimum energy consumption is designed, and optimal control is employed to obtain optimal maneuver strategy when the encounter time is determined and undetermined, respectively.
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