Sizing of the system is performed for each vehicle/drive cycle by adopting the minimum fuel cell power and battery energy in order to preserve charge neutrality over a 24 h period, while accommodating the requisite vehicle performance characteristics.
An a priori power analysis with a minimum cell size of N = 3, a minimum detectable difference of two n-back levels for main effects (hypotheses 1 and 2), and one level for interaction effects (hypothesis 3) revealed a power of >.80 to detect main effects and of >.60 to detect within-subjects interactions (PASS software, NCSS Inc., Kaysville, Utah).
By decreasing the air flowrate into the system by 10%, the stack can wall temperature increases by about 6% which increases the minimum cell voltage to 0.62 V and reduces deviations in cell power and voltage by 31%.
Furthermore, at a concentration ratio of 20, the CPV system integrated with a single layer parallel- flow microchannel heat sink configuration (B) achieves the highest cell net power, electrical efficiency, and the minimum cell temperature.
A symmetric double inlet single outlet topology provides optimal stack performance with reasonably low compressor power requirement for the reactant flow and minimum cell-to-cell voltage variations.
The SSOPMS determines the fuel-cell power trajectory depending on minimum fuel consumption and the constraints of FCS power, FCS power slope, LIB power, and LIB state of charge (SoC).
In addition, Abgrall et al. [11] suggest a distributed inter-cell power allocation algorithm where each cell computes by an iterative process its minimum power budget to meet its local QoS constraints.
This objective function sought to be minimized for maximum extracted power in the fuel cell mode and minimum consumed power in the electrolyser mode.
As in (8), the minimum power in the cell c i is still achieved for the smallest effective transmitted power, P ~ e,min, but now an additional pathloss due to the worst case shadowing and sensor inaccuracies must be included.
