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We propose a strategy to estimate the effect of environmental factors with the ultimate goal of minimizing variation between biological replicates, based on DoE.
Changes in gene expression in Symbiodinium under stress have consistently been found to be small [ 83- 86]; thus, minimizing variation between replicates is crucial to resolve small, but potentially biologically meaningful changes in gene expression.
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Our experimental design minimized variation between species, sites and years, allowing us to quantify the direct effect of P. downsi on parameters of host fitness.
Equal amounts of each replicate from resistant and susceptible plants were pooled respectively to minimize variation between individual RNA samples.
To minimize variation between operators, all measurements of the images were done at the same anatomic level and orientation by an independent qualified radiologist.
To minimize variation between experiments, the response to serum-starvation was normalized to 100% and the response to CX3CL1 expressed as a fraction of this.
A single experiment was done by comparing control and mutant sections stained on the same slide to minimize variation between slides.
Following RNA isolation, the samples were pooled into resistant (Pool R) and susceptible hybrids (Pool S) to minimize variation between individual RNA samples.
The coaching sessions will be supervised and evaluated by a local MI trainer to optimise coaching quality and to minimize variation between coaches.
To minimize variation between the oligonucleotide standard curve and the samples, due to the presence of potential inhibitory factors in the samples, 5 µl of cDNA from non-infected Molt-3 T cells was added to each standard dilution.
This maximum force was normalized to the total bone-implant contact area in order to minimize variation between push-out forces due to varying bone or implant length [ 32]: Strength of fixation σu = Fmax/πDH [σu: strength of fixation (Mpa), Fmax: initial push-out force (N), D: implant diameter (mm), H: Bone length (mm)].
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com