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However, more than 95% of crystal structures are determined at cryogenic temperatures (∼100 K) to reduce radiation damage by minimizing diffusion of reactive intermediates and chemical-damage-induced structural relaxations (Garman, 2010; Holton, 2009; Warkentin et al., 2013).
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The gel is designed to minimize diffusion of active drug away from the tumor injection site.
Thus, as a teacher, I plan to always value and make use of collaborative in-class group activities that facilitate participation and minimize diffusion of responsibility.
Injections were performed at a rate of 1 µl/min using a motorized syringe pump and the needle was slowly withdrawn 5 min after lesioning to minimize diffusion of toxin into the injection tract.
Cannulae for medial olfactory tubercle and medial nucleus accumbens shell sites were inserted at a 20° angle from the other hemisphere through the midline to minimize diffusion of drug solution to the shell or core, respectively (Fig. 1A).
Presumably, these effects minimize diffusion of media and oxygen into the interior of the spheroids resulting in hypoxic conditions and thus upregulation of ANGPTL4 expression.
To minimize diffusion of the PCR products, we chose the optimal proteinase K concentration (50 μg/ml for paraffin sections) for 10 min, which produced a positive sharp in situ PCR signal.
Enhanced synergism among the catalytic units and close association between the cell-bound cellulosome and substrate serve to minimize diffusion of the enzymes and their hydrolytic products, thus providing the bacterium with a competitive advantage over other organisms [ 22].
This hierarchical pore system is of great advantage for minimizing diffusion barriers in sensor and/or catalytic applications since the diffusion rates through 10 50 nm pores are similar to those of molecules in open media.
Micro-spotted systems have the advantage of higher assay sensitivities and faster reaction kinetics due to minimizing diffusion constraints for analyte/antibody binding [ 10].
Outside aerosol was drawn in with 7.5 L min−1 as well to minimize diffusion losses of particles, and the flow rate was reduced to 1.5 L min−1 by an overflow right at the inlet of the SMPS.
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