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Using flow, volume, and pressure near end-inhalation minimizes confounding effects of patient inspiratory effort on the equations and provides accurate estimates of Pplt, Crs, and Rtot.
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By spinoculating cells with Env-deficient, VSVg-pseudotyped virus, we ensured a synchronous, single-round infection, and by using a multiplicity of infection (MOI) sufficient to infect >90% of cells, we minimized confounding effects from bystander (uninfected) cells.
In order to account for the serotype variable, we used the year of dengue presentation as a surrogate for serotype (as describe in Methods) as well as a matching factor for our selection of controls to minimize confounding effect due to the different predominant serotype each year.
After matching, both groups show similar demographic and clinical characteristics, suggesting that PSM efficiently eliminates covariates and minimizes their confounding effect, thus resulting in the similar intraoperative and postoperative outcomes.
The included studies compared two different levels of PEEP using the same tidal volume in the two arms, thereby minimizing the risk of confounding effects of different tidal volume sizes.
We controlled for important general job characteristics, thereby minimizing the possibility of confounding effects.
Importantly, because our samples are family based, they could minimize or eliminate potential confounding effects of population stratification as an explanation for the different results in the two ethnic groups.
To minimize potential time-varying confounding effects, we selected a near-term summer reference period of the same duration (18 days) and with the same distribution of days of the week for the analysis: 8 14 July 2006 and 12 22 August 2006.
Binary logistic regression analysis confirmed intervention effects exceeded confounding effects.
Inclusion of age at reference in logistic models minimized any possible residual confounding effect of age.
These characteristics should maximize the electronic effect on hydration while minimizing confounding steric effects.
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