Our indication-matched prospective cohort study should help to minimize confounding by indication and should add important insights on the effects of caesarean section on maternal health.
This was to minimize confounding by indication, which was a limitation of the previous studies.
Thus, to minimize confounding by indication, we restricted the study population to subjects with a diagnosis of type II diabetes.
To minimize confounding by indication, we selected a reference group of new users of the alternative first-line antidiabetes drug, the SUs, and adjusted for baseline HbA1c level.
Using azithromycin as a comparator to minimize confounding by indication, the population-based cohort study showed a small but statistically significant greater 30-day risk of hospitalization with acute kidney injury (absolute risk increase 0.22%, 95%CI0.16 0.27%7%CI0.16 0.27%
We used rigorous pharmacoepidemiologic methods in the study design and data analysis, such as the new user design and PS-matched analysis, to minimize confounding by indication [ 19, 31].
To minimize confounding by indication, where patients with more severe illness are more likely to be treated with allopurinol, we calculated a propensity index for each subject, i.e. the likelihood that a patient would be treated by allopurinol based on known baseline characteristics.
To further minimize the effects of indication bias, we only included elective patients undergoing two procedures (hip and knee arthroplasty) that are highly standardized and relatively homogenous.
To minimize potential confounding by indication, we nested the case-control study within a cohort of ever users of ephedrine/caffeine as described below.
Although the pharmacokinetics (PK) data from the FONT-I Study indicated enhanced clearance of adalimumab in subjects with FSGS and nephrotic-range proteinuria, the dose was not increased above the standard dosing regimen for other FDA approved indications to minimize the adverse event risk [ 14].
