Anyone who has looked at a page of "A" will see the joyous language carnival of Zukofsky's childhood there, sometimes only minimally transformed.
Beef appears, only minimally transformed, as extraordinarily juicy burgers accompanied by Cheddar cheese on a homemade brioche or, at brunch, braised beef hash with a poached egg.
Previously, we established a chronic tobacco smoke-exposed minimally transformed oral keratinocyte model [9].
HNSCC is useful as a solid tumor model system, due to the established role of epigenetic changes in its pathogenesis [11], as well as the availability of normal, minimally transformed cell lines for use in gene discovery strategies [12].
In this case, the tumour resistance also exists already in minimally transformed pre-tumourigenic cells (intrinsic or inherent resistance).
Although traditionally associated with the last stages of the disease, recent findings with minimally transformed pretumorigenic primary human cells indicate that the ability to generate drug resistance arises early during the tumorigenic process, before the full transformation.
These findings with minimally transformed fibroblasts need to be confirmed and extended to other epithelial cancer cell models and to drugs with different modes of action to generalise their relevance.
This model can explain why resistance is to be found, on one side, in minimally transformed pre-tumourigenic cells, but on the other, it also can arise at later stages of the disease.
The development of these minimally transformed cells has, for the first time, allowed us to ask whether the capacity to develop drug resistance arises before or after tumorigenic transformation, and what is the minimum number of altered pathways required to permit this event.
The authors state correctly 'although traditionally associated with the last stages of disease, recent findings with minimally transformed pre-tumourigenic primary human cells indicate that the ability to generate drug resistance arises early during the tumourigenic process and before the full transformation'.
