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The Michelson contrast at a given spatial frequency is evaluated as follows: <img src="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/asset?id=info?doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0007679.e001.PNG" class= inline-graphic"/> where Lmax is the maximal brightness (in lux) of the stimulus measured on the stage, and Lmin is the minimal brightness (in lux).
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The selection of gates, minimum and maximum values for head size and brightness, minimal velocities, straightness, frame rate, etc. influence results accordingly, and thus, do not allow comparison of results between laboratories.
Photoshop CS2 (Adobe Systems, Mountain View, CA, USA) was used to process the images obtained by light and confocal laser scanning microscopy with minimal alterations to brightness, sharpness, colour saturation and contrast.
The ICM provides blue and red illumination through high-brightness Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs, which allows bright light with minimal heat output, Osram Semiconductors, blue LED; 470 nm, red LED, 635 nm).
How can this minimal story unfold with sustained brightness in a book of this length?
It prompts us to decrease the screen brightness to its minimal value.
Put your phone's brightness on minimum.
An ideal single-molecule probe should exhibit good brightness, uninterrupted emission, resistance to photobleaching, and minimal spectral overlap with cellular autofluorescence.
Turn the screen brightness as low as you can, ensuring minimal necessary contrast depending on the ambient lighting.
Furthermore, the high brightness of the contrast agent affords high SNR images with minimal excitation power.
Novel fluorophores with improved brightness, photostability, and biocompatibility continue to fuel further advances but often rely on having minimal background.
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