Each method has unique advantages (systemic therapeutic targeting for IV, convenience of oral and directed topical effect for inhaled therapies) and disadvantages (line access, treatment burden, and systemic toxicity for IV; minimal available agents and gastrointestinal intolerance for oral; and localized intolerance, potential long-term toxicity, and treatment burden for inhaled therapies).
Third, the ocular toxicities and minimal single-agent anticancer efficacy of CQ or HCQ have restricted its clinical application.
VDAs have minimal single-agent activity as despite causing necrosis of the main cancer mass, a viable rim is left, which repopulates the cancer.
Given that the ocular toxicities and minimal single agent anticancer efficacy of CQ and HCQ may limit their future applications in cancer therapy, the discovery of novel autophagy inhibitors is a high priority.
In addition to its known indication in renal cell cancer, previous studies have demonstrated minimal single-agent activity of temsirolimus in cervical, breast, and epithelial ovarian cancer/primary peritoneal cancer (Behbakht et al, 2011; Fleming et al, 2012; Tinker et al, 2013).
Four phase 1 trials of CA4P have demonstrated minimal single-agent antitumour activity, and have confirmed that it has vascular disrupting activity according to functional imaging (Dowlati et al, 2002; Stevenson et al, 2003; Rustin et al, 2003a; Cooney et al, 2006).
But there is a final sting in the tail when a leaseholder decides to sell up, in the form of hefty fees for the arguably minimal paperwork the agents have to complete.
Side effects should be minimal since these agents are chronically administered at low dose to derive their anti-HIF activity.
When low or minimal emetic risk oral agents are combined with intravenous agents the antiemetic recommendations for the agent with the highest level of emetogenicity should be followed.
The following assumptions form the basis of the "minimal" model: An agent i holds a self-appreciation (kappa _{i i }).
