The profit modelled in our problem is defined by revenue minus electricity cost which includes wholesale cost of electricity, services costs, and etc.
The profit function of retailer consists of the revenue from the sale of energy to the wholesale market floors and customers minus the electricity acquisition costs from different wholesale market floors and intermittent DGs.
"I lost two men dead, seven wounded and seven vehicles before even reaching the tarmac," said Prusov, who now camps out with his men in the damaged but still lavish mansion of a former Soviet KGB general — minus water, electricity and heating — on the outskirts of Donetsk.
Accordingly, the paper suggests a mini-grid based electricity supply to provide the basic level of provision alongside productive energy use during off-peak hours as the starting point.
We compare the net energy return on energy invested (EROI) of mini-hydropower and solar electricity using five existing mini-hydropower installations in northern Thailand with grid-connected solar PV simulations.
That's a very expensive commitment to being near an electrical outlet, minus the cost of electricity, of course.
But, with the right incentives, nearly one in five buildings in Britain would effectively become mini power stations, feeding electricity into the grid, or generating enough to be largely self-sufficient.
"You cannot imagine what it does to a man to survive in minus degrees temperature without electricity," said Mr. Zelkin, who immigrated from Russia in 1975.
In sub-Saharan Africa, only 8% of the population in rural areas has access to mains electricity but mini-grids – localised generation, transmission and distribution of power – could change all that.
On the other hand, the cumulative cost of 46 billion (resulted from oil derivates and electricity imports minus the electricity surplus exported) could be avoided, and the cumulative income generated through new employment could reach nearly US$4.4 billion.
