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Effect size (active minus control) in percentages or absolute value, with 95% confidence intervals (CI), is the clinically relevant measure.
Toxicity is expressed as the percentage of abnormal larvae (net percentage, toxicity minus control) after 24-h development in various concentrations of beach sand extracts (elutriates).
A matched paired t test was performed for each variable to identify the overall treatment effects of the fixed orthodontic appliances and the Forsus FRD appliance (Tx (T2 − T1)) minus (control (t2 − t1)).
All controls were negative (no template control and RT minus control).
For the RT minus control no M-MuLV Reverse Transcriptase was added.
Each RNA sample was run with an RT-minus control to assess for DNA contamination.
The d was calculated as the difference between the two group means, patient group minus control group and divided by the pooled standard deviation [14].
About 1700 genes were selected as differentially expressed based on their treated minus control profile, thus allowing the detection of even small but systematic changes in gene expression.
Between-group differences (RHB group minus control group, RHBM minus control, RHBM-RHB).
Autoclaved water and the RT minus control were used as negative controls.
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