The fraction of plant biomass returned to soil is transformed into more stable humic substances and contributed to the formation of different organo-mineral complexes and microaggregates which protect soil carbon for further mineralization and increase C sequestration (Lal 2016).
This effect increased the formation of organo-mineral complexes and reduced the content of allophane-imogolite-like precursors (e.g., non-crystalline Si and Al).
In fact, it provides the mobile "humic" molecules which play a bioactive role in plant growth, stabilize soil structure by forming organo-mineral complexes, and control the transport down the soil profile of organic matter and humic-bound contaminants.
Physical fractionation, in contrast to chemical fractionation, allows for isolation of fractions, can isolate as intact as possible the SOC associated predominantly with soil minerals (primary organo-mineral complexes) and also the SOC protected within aggregates (secondary organo-mineral complexes) due to their three-dimensional architecture (Straathof et al. 2014).
Thus, following incubation, there was a gradual conversion of round particles to spindle and film shapes, a conversion that was evident with both protein-mineral complexes and serum granules.
Soil provides macroelements and microelements from mineral complexes, parent rock, and decaying organisms.
When the intended humic beneficial effect refer to macronutrients (N, P or K) and secondary nutrients (Mg or Ca), which are in high proportion in fertilizer formula, the most efficient method for their incorporation into NPK granule is the fabrication of humic mineral complexes (P, Ca and Mg) or humates (K and ammonium) during the granulation process.
Iron supplementation represented 11.8% of the prescribed minerals — substantially less than the mineral complexes (56.6%) and magnesium (20.6%).
One of the main disadvantages for the commercial use of bioleaching is the slow nature of this process, which is due mainly to the relative slow growth rate of the bacteria [ 5, 35], to the long period of time needed for the bacteria to adapt to the mineral environment and particularly to mineral complexes [ 31] and to inhibition problems due to the products of the bioleaching [ 36].
It consists of two major components: a protein matrix, called osteoid, and mineral complexes.
