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After cooling down on ice for 5 min, the medium was boiled at 98°C for 10 min and centrifuged during 10 min at maximum speed to inactivate the enzyme.
The [3H]5-HT release was induced by exposures to the following treatments: electrical stimulations (20 mA or 40 mA, 0.5 Hz, 4 min), the medium containing 15 or 30 mM potassium (2 min), fenfluramine (1 or 2 μM for 2 min), para-chloroamphetamine (1 or 2 μM for 2 min), methiothepin (1 or 2 μM for 2 min), and fluoxetine (1 or 2 μM for 2 min).
After letting the virus adsorb for 30 60 min, the medium containing polybrene was added back to the cells.
After preincubation for 30 min, the medium was replaced with KRB with the indicated concentrations of glucose or KCl (50 mM, equimolarly replacing NaCl).
After 30 min the medium was changed to fresh HBSS, and a 3D-stack was acquired to test toxin uptake as reflected by the extent of perinuclear StxB staining.
After 30 min the medium was replaced with DMEM medium (no FBS) and treated with staurosporine (1 µM), DNSP-11 (10 ng/ml) and GDNF (1 ng/ml) for 6 h.
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Cells were incubated with HMBQ-Nap 1 at 37 °C for 10 min and then treated with 3.0 × 10 6 M DRAQ5 (nuclear stain obtained from Thermo Scientific) for 1 min. The medium was removed and the cells were fixed in 2 mL of 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 min with shaking.
After 24 hrs, the cells were incubated in methionine free medium for 1 hr, then medium containing azido-homoalanine reagent was added to the cells for 15 min. The medium was washed with complete medium, the cells were exposed to arsenite for 45 min, then the lysates were harvested, labeled and immunoblotted.
Culture plates containing isolated fibres were washed with Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (D-PBS), (Sigma-Aldrich Co ., and fibres were pre-incubated in D-PBS at 37°C for 30 min. The medium was then replaced by D-PBS containing CM-DCFH DA (17.5 μ m) and incubated for 30 min at 37°C.
For tetramethyl rodamine (TMR) labeling, transfected cells were incubated for 15 min with TMR, then the cells were rinsed twice with PBS and incubated in fresh medium for 30 min. The medium was removed, and the cells were washed 3 times with PBS before being fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and used for imaging.
After 30 min, the SF medium was replaced with complete medium (CM) containing the same reagents for 24 h.
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