The animals' behavior was videotaped during the 5-min test time and the parameter path length was analyzed with the tracking software ANY-maze version 4.30 (Stoelting, Wood Dale, IL, USA).
The PIAAC test design (OECD 2013b) assumed 60 min of testing time for the cognitive assessment.
After about 10 min of the testing time, the optical (Fig. 1a) and electron (Fig. 1b) microscopy reveals small pits on the surface.
Moreover, we observed the formation of the micron- and nanoscale complex structures after the first 10 15 min of the testing time.
So, for the purpose of safety, we selected 1 min for the testing time.
Under 40 °C and 20% RH, the composite membrane filled with 15 wt.% PASCs (128 nm lumen) shows the highest proton conductivity of 0.0142 S cm−1 after 90 min testing, about twelve times higher than that of the SPEEK control membrane (0.0011 S cm−1), which is positively correlated with the water retention of the membrane.
Table 2 Structure of NCT Sections No. of questions Testing time (min) Raw scores Reading 55 80 20000 Listening 25 30 0–50 Total 80 110 0–250 Source: National Center for University Entrance Examinations (2015).
As can be seen in Table 3, the score bands of reading and listening are quite distinct from those of speaking and writing, which So et al. (2015) explain as follows: Table 3 Structure of JC Sections No. of questions Testing time (min) Raw scores Reading 36 41 140–160 Listening 36 36 140–160 Speaking 4 18 0–16 Writing 4 39 0–16 Total 80 134 Source: GC&T (n.d).
To validate reactive motor activity in an unfamiliar environment that is more relevant to testing conditions, the behaviour of naïve mice was investigated in a fear-conditioning box (similar to context A of the fear-conditioning experiments) for 15 min (corresponding to the testing time in acquisition and extinction trials) in the absence of any stimulus.
For descriptive purposes, we included participants' age, body mass index (BMI), 6-min walk test time (6MWT) [ 7] and Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) self-reported physical activity score [ 93].
