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Pooled semen samples diluted in freezing medium containing 4%, 6%, or 8% DMA or DMSO (all combined with 1% sucrose as a nonpermeating cryoprotectant) were loaded in straws and equilibrated for 5, 15, or 45 min before freezing in liquid nitrogen vapor.
We then rinsed the brains in phosphate buffered saline for 10 min before freezing them in liquid nitrogen in 2 ml tubes containing Tissue-Tek OCT embedding medium (Sakura, Finetek, Torrance, CA).
Standard protocols require semen incubation (4°C for 1 hr) to reduce sample viscosity, followed by dilution in sterile PBS (1∶2 or 1∶5), gradient centrifugation to recover spermatozoa (1800 g for 10 min), sterile filtration on 0.45 micron filters and complement inactivation (57°C for 30 min), before freezing at −80°C.
The cell pellet was resuspended in 2 × SDS sample buffer and incubated at 90°C for 10 min before freezing at −70°C.
Crystal soaking in CaCl2 was carried out in precipitant solution supplemented with the indicated CaCl2 concentration for 10 min before freezing (with no added cryoprotectant) in liquid nitrogen for data collection.
For ascorbic acid analyses, 0.5 mL serum was stabilized by adding 0.75 mL ice cold metaphosphoric acid (3%) and kept at 4°C for 20 min before freezing (−20°C).
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The nano-selenium samples were pelletized by centrifugation (13 000 rpm, 10 min) before freeze-drying.
The samples of plasma (EDTA) and urine were centrifuged at 3,000× g for 20 min and 3,000× g for 10 min, respectively, before freezing at −20°C.
To test whether osmotic support could rescue PAR-2 polarization wild-type worms expressing PAR-2 GFP PAR-2 GFPna-2 RNAi, chs-1 RNAi or cej-1+B0280.5 coRNAi, and embryos were dissected quickly in 150 mM KCl fedlowed by freeze-fracture (control), or were dissected in minimal EGM [ 55] and incubated at 22°C for 30 min before freeze fracture.
For Mal3143-GDP micomplexes comicrotubulesrotubules were grown from quantum dot-labeled GMPCPP seeds in the presence of 2 mM GTP, 10 μM tubulin, and 55 μM Mal3143 at 37°C for 1 min before plunge freezing.
GTPγS microtubules were grown from quantum dot-labeled GMPCPP seeds in the presence of 1 mM GTPγS and 20 μM tubulin at 37°C for 30 min before plunge freezing.
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