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Six consecutive EPSCs were averaged and normalized to the mean value recorded 5 min before conditioning stimulus.
Injections were performed 30 min before conditioning, as earlier experiments (reviewed in ref. 42) showed that pharmacological injections of catecholamines and their inhibitors are effective approximately 30 min after drug application.
Ringer solution (control), octopaminergic (mianserine 0.33 µM or 3.3 mM, epinastine 4 mM) or dopaminergic receptor antagonists (fluphenazine 0.19 µM or 1.9 mM, flupentixol 0.2 µM or 2 mM) were injected (10×20 nl in all cases) into the brain through the median ocellar tract 30 min before conditioning.
We observed that fluphenazine impaired aversive olfactory conditioning when it was injected 30 min before conditioning but not when it was injected 60 min before conditioning [ 13].
Baseline responses were monitored for 10 30 min before conditioning and were found to be stable.
All of the substances were administered orally via gastric tube to ensure complete administration at 30 min before conditioning (training session, Tr).
Similar(51)
We observed, however, that epinastine was effective when it was injected 120 min before olfactory conditioning [ 13], and the retention test after appetitive visual conditioning was performed 100 min after epinastine injection.
dHipp microinfusions of saline or nadolol were administered 15 min before each conditioning session.
It had no effect when administered 30 min before each conditioning session during CPP training period (acquisition) or 30 min before testing for place preference in the absence of morphine (expression).
was infused 10 min before the conditioning stimuli.
For the study using second-order conditioning, other groups of animals were each injected with 3 μl of saline or saline containing 1 μM epinastine or 500 μM fluphenazine at 30 min before the first conditioning stage, before the second conditioning stage or before the final test in second-order conditioning.
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