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Mako's $750,000 robot prepares the ends of the tibia and femur for an implant by shaving off millimeters of bone.
The thermal effects of cement polymerization induce some millimeters of bone necrosis, which may kill residual tumor cells (Mjöberg et al. 1984)—but this has also been suspected of damaging cartilage and subchondral bone in lesions close to a joint, which may be followed by degenerative arthritis (Campanacci et al. 1990, Bini et al. 1995).
Using radioactive ZOL solution, and autoradiography of bone samples, it was demonstrated that, (i) after 1 day of diffusion, the labelled ZOL diffused into the first two millimeters of bone; and that (ii) after 30 days of diffusion, it had moved towards the periosteal bone and reached 2.5 mm [ 38].
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Osteoclast number per millimeter of bone surface at the interface with tumor was measured from TRAP-stained tibiae at 200× magnification.
A 0.75-mm area, 250 μm from the growth plate, was analyzed to determine the number of osteoblasts per millimeter of bone, percentage of bone covered by osteoblasts, and adipocyte number.
Two different histomorphometrical analyses were performed: the number of osteoclasts as well as osteoblasts per bone perimeter (cell numbers per millimeter of bone surface), and the amount of bone surface covered by osteoclasts and osteoblasts (percentage).
The researchers removed a 4 millimeter circle of bone from the skulls of anesthetized laboratory mice — a defect just large enough to stymie the natural healing properties of the bone's endogenous stem cells.
It indicates that males can accommodate fewer large secondary osteons than small osteons per square millimeter of compact bone tissue compared to females.
Stained osteoclasts were counted, and their numbers were determined per millimeter of trabecular bone surface (Oc.N/BS) in the same reference area as previously described by us (Dresner-Pollak et al., 2008).
Significantly fewer osteoclasts per millimeter of tumor-bone interface were present in bone metastases from 2ME2- or SD-208-treated mice compared to control mice (P<0.01).
Much of the pelvic and pectoral girdles are also reduced to thin sheets of bone several millimeters in thickness, including most of the paddle-shaped blade of the scapula and semicircular blade of the ilium (Figure 3A).
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