Logging and mill residues are comparably large, no energetic use is assumed for mill residues and HWPs at the end of their lifecycle, and the displacement factor is low (Table 5).
The volume of roundwood products, mill residues and logging residues reported in the TPO database (Table 3), separated by product class and detailed species group, were used to estimate C losses from wood harvest.
Emission reductions can be further increased if mill residues and HWPs at the end of the lifetime are not used for energy but are further converted into timber products [47].
The energy-dense pellets, which resemble dry dog kibble and are mostly made from mill residue like sawdust and wood shavings, can be used to generate heat or electricity — or both at the same time.
Feedstock Collection Cost (FCC) Forest Harvest Residue (FHR) FHR-Labor and related Saw Mill Residue (SMR) SMR-Labor- and related Underutilized trees (UTS) UTS-Labor- and related AAFHR-Labor andam et al. 2010, Perelated
The Douglas-fir wood chips were chipped to approximately 1-4 cm × 1-4 cm × 0.3-0.6 0.3-0.6g a variety of mill residue disk cmippers, produsing a typical "pulp mill furnish" chip.
The highest fractional contribution of C loss in all states was from harvest (Table 4), and 64% of these losses were from logging residues [both above- (19%) and belowground (23%)] and mill residues (22%).
Emissions savings by substitution effects associated with the use of HWP are low under this sub-scenario (displacement factor = 0.8) and do not have the ability to compensate for emissions from logging and mill residues.
Using the normalising assumptions above, a survey of feedstock prices in Europe was undertaken for straw, waste paper, energy crops, imported biomass, mill residues, forest residues, pulplogs and sawlogs.
