The results in Fig. 4H J suggested that component(s) of the in vivo inflammatory milieu were capable of selectively degrading the ability of iTreg cells to produce GM-CSF while maintaining IFN-γ and TNF-α production.
In addition, the role of CD25 in immunomodulation is likely dependent on the local inflammatory milieu, with molecules capable of modulating surface CD25 expression playing a key role in defining immune responsiveness.
The tumor microenvironment has been reported to contain a rich milieu of molecules capable of increasing the number of FOXP3+ Tregs by several possible mechanisms, including driving CD4+ T-helper cells to develop into FOXP3+ Tregs, recruiting existing FOXP3+ Tregs to the tumor site, and inducing the expansion of resident Tregs.
These changes observed in postmenopausal women suggest that the hormonal milieu representative of healthy adults is capable of modulating the OR neurochemical system, at least in some brain regions.
Extracting the cytoplasmic milieu from a cell affords a lysate capable of producing proteins in concentrations reaching to tens of micromolar.
Thus, with a wide range of chemicals capable of altering the "estrogenic milieu," it could be hypothesized that PG synthesis is altered in the reproductive system of any vertebrate, as described previously for the avian reproductive tract.
One is the 'competent' state whereby a gene is capable of responding to the milieu of the cell, such that it is active if appropriate transcription activators are present, and silent if activators are absent or repressors are present.
The other can be called the 'occluded' state whereby a gene is no longer capable of responding to the cell's milieu and remains silent even in the presence of a transcriptionally conducive milieu.
Like many other intracellular pathogens, Leishmania must be capable of acquiring Fe from the host milieu in order to thrive.
This study corroborates preceding transcriptional profiling results showing that Foxf, an early component of the cardiopharyngeal GRN, previously shown to impact protrusive activity by regulating the expression of the small GTPase Rhod/f16, also connects the GRN to cellular effectors capable of sensing and responding to the extracellular milieu.
