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Ample evidence has indicated that this mild uncoupling has multiple physiological roles including export of fatty acid anions from mitochondria, regulation of insulin secretion, as well as, attenuation of mitochondrial superoxide production [33].
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Mild mitochondrial uncoupling has been proposed as a mechanism to decrease ROS generation, in which UCP2 inhibiting or overexpression can markedly alter ROS production in numerous tissues [ 24, 29].
It has been suggested (albeit controversially) that mtDNA subhaplogroups associated with mild uncoupling may have been selected for their increased thermogenesis in cold climates [21], but may also confer a longevity advantage due to decreased ROS.
As a result, mild uncoupling may have protected the mNSCs from oxidative stress, improving viability and DILP levels.
Mild muscle-restricted mitochondrial uncoupling had little effect on muscle overall structure, despite reduced mass and mild mitochondrial myopathy (Han and our data not shown).
Mild uncoupling of respiration has been reported to diminish mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation [ 30].
Together, these findings suggest that mitochondria are partially uncoupled in MetR cells and raise the possibility that extended lifespan of MetR cells is due to mild mitochondrial uncoupling, consistent with earlier findings that mild uncoupling of mitochondria has the potential to extend lifespan of human fibroblasts (Passos et al., 2007).
Mitochondrial uncoupling had the opposite effect on the PPP.
Demonstrating UCP2/iPLA2γ antioxidant synergy and initiation of UCP2-mediated mild uncoupling by a nascent FA, we have resolved some contradictions that have been reported during the past decade for UCP2 role in pancreatic β-cells.
Remarkably, a study by Rohas et al. has shown that once mild uncoupling is set, cells trigger a compensatory mechanism where PGC-1α is activated and orchestrate a signalling cascade to compensate the reduction in ATP levels [ 22].
The mild uncoupling of electron transport from ATP production in mitochondria has been shown to severely blunt their production of ROS [ 3, 4].
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