Although this reduction was mild (log fold change, −1.9585; t value, −2.3597; one-sided P value, 0.023), within the signature, bip, ddit3 and spliced xbp1 showed a strongly decreased level of expression (log fold change, −1.2727, −1.4660 and −1.2107; one-sided P values, 0.0238, 0.0041 and 0.0012, respectively; see supplementary material Table S8).
Furthermore, increasing the expression of miR-34c (the miRNA with the largest fold change between the mild and moderate emphysema patient groups) in respiratory cells resulted in decreased expression of predicted mRNA targets in vitro, providing additional functional expression data.
The average gene expression for cases with moderate COPD (GOLD Stage II) divided by the arithmetic average of expression in cases with mild COPD (GOLD Stage I) was calculated as the fold change.
To identify genes regulated by mild water stress and severe water stress respectively, entities were filtered based on a fold change above 2 between the two conditions: optimal nitrogen-optimal water and optimal nitrogen-mild water stress, or optimal nitrogen-optimal water and optimal nitrogen-severe water stress.
Interestingly, qPCR analysis of liver biopsies with mild chronic hepatitis C with no fibrosis showed no increase in CTGF expression (fold change −5.7, p = 0.03, Figure S1B).
Liver biopsies from patients with mild chronic hepatitis C and no fibrosis showed a marked increase in TRIM22 expression (fold change 17.0, p<0.001, Figure 3B).
qRT-PCR analysis (shown as fold change) of selected soybean TFs for soybean TF-ORFeome construction under mild drought stress (see Methods ).
However, qPCR analysis of mild chronic hepatitis C biopsies with no fibrosis showed a significant increase in MET expression (fold change 3.7, p = 0.002, Figure S2B).
qPCR analysis of mild chronic hepatitis C with no fibrosis showed a similar increase in expression of the transcript (fold change 4.1, p = 0.002, Figure 6B).
When samples collected from patients with advanced hepatic inflammation (score ≥ 3) were compared to that of patients with mild inflammation, 21 genes (0.001 < p < 0.05) were found to have increased gene expression (fold change range: 2.1 – 6.9) (Table 2).
