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Mild depolarization of the mitochondrial potential by PBE does not involve the constituent catechin as revealed in the present study.
The extract's inhibition of ACE (IC50 = 51.30 ± 5.1 μg/mL) and mild depolarization of isolated liver mitochondria membrane potential were concentration-dependent.
Consistent with this model, we find that lanosterol induces mild depolarization of mitochondria and promotes autophagy.
Measurement by safranine fluorescence however showed that the mild depolarization of the ΔΨ m by PBE was independent of catechin.
The neuroprotective effect of a plant extract was once attributed to the mild depolarization of ΔΨ m [ 59].
Previous work showed that mild depolarization of cortical astrocytes cultured from adult, but not neonatal, rats caused NCX to operate in the reverse mode leading to [Ca2+]cyt increases and consequential exocytotic glutamate release (Paluzzi et al., 2007).
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Such mild depolarization has been attributed to the neuroprotective effect of a plant extract [42] and the protection of cardiomyocytes from oxidative stress [40].
This 'slippage' in coupling relaxes the obligatory gating by voltage, increasing the probability of transitioning from C into C′ at mild depolarization (Shin et al., 2004).
Similarly, mild depolarization, due to an increase in extracellular K+ (15 and 35 mM), of cortical astrocytes cultured from adult, but not neonatal, rats caused NCX to operate in the reverse mode and generated [Ca2+]cyt increases which triggered release of glutamate (Paluzzi et al., 2007); these effects were blocked by KB-R7943 implicatheg the reverse mode of NCXs.
In support of this notion, NE at 1 μM only yielded a mild depolarization, estimated at < 5 mV (Fig 1A; Supplementary Fig 1B).
Agents that are known to trigger mild depolarization include those that open the mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channel (mitoKATP), such as diazoxide [ 4]; induction of uncoupling proteins [ 5– 7]; volatile anesthetics, which act on BKCa [ 8]; low-dose FCCP [ 9]; and interventions which trigger flickering of the mPTP such as ischemic preconditioning [ 10].
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