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QSOX1 is expressed during embryonic development in mouse and rat during key migratory stages [ 37].
The corresponding orthologues in N. aberrans are up regulated at J2 and migratory stages.
For this purpose, we performed single-cell force spectroscopy (SCFC) studies of PGCs and somatic endodermal cells from pre-migratory and migratory stages of development (Fig. 1A).
Comparison of NC markers at the premigratory and migratory stages with that of Cxcr4 confirms that Xenopus NC cells are expressing Cxcr4 prior to and during migration.
Moreover, reelin receptors are much more abundant in the reeler CP, suggesting that reelin induces their downregulation and that downregulation of reelin receptors begins at early/pre- migratory stages, well before neurons reach the CP (Uchida et al., 2009).
Due to the difficulty of tracking passerines accurately over entire migratory stages, experimental studies have not been able to reveal the consequences of maintaining constant headings through the night.
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It is likely that some of the AP-negative PGC-like cells had already progressed past the "specification" stage and were more representative of the later migratory stage, during which AP may no longer be optimally detected.
In terms of biology this means that the cells display more persistent movement in the migratory stage.
They skip the migratory stage and multiple tips arise directly from the cell aggregates to generate crown-type fruiting bodies.
Taken together, these observations reveal that PGCs reduce their adhesiveness to the surrounding somatic cells upon transition to migratory stage.
PGCs from the migratory stage show a significantly higher tendency for expansion and contraction of the cellular body than pre-migratory PGCs (Fig. 5B).
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