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Consistent with other reports in the literature, wortmannin significantly reduced migration of neutrophils into the tissue compartment, suggesting that the migratory stage of neutrophil response during inflammation may be an appropriate target for therapeutics.
However, the migratory stage of N. aberrans causes necrosis and lesions, suggesting that these G. pallida genes are not involved in suppression of host defences, and are probably involved in migration.
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For this purpose, we performed single-cell force spectroscopy (SCFC) studies of PGCs and somatic endodermal cells from pre-migratory and migratory stages of development (Fig. 1A).
Neither of these genes is co-expressed with c-kit, however, and both have been used as specific diagnostic markers of xanthoblasts at migratory and post-migratory stages of chromatophore development [28], [33].
We quantified cellular adhesiveness of PGCs by single-cell force spectroscopy (Friedrichs et al., 2010), revealing a stronger attachment to their environment during pre-migratory stages of development in comparison to PGCs isolated from tailbud embryos.
Seabirds disperse on the open ocean and may migrate long distances during the non-breeding season, making them good candidates for addressing how (if at all) COEs impact RP, because the migratory stage can constitute most of their annual life cycle.
However, in the case of N. aberrans, the presence of a migratory stage that reportedly feeds but does not form biotrophic feeding sites gives more confidence in this type of analysis.
It is likely that some of the AP-negative PGC-like cells had already progressed past the "specification" stage and were more representative of the later migratory stage, during which AP may no longer be optimally detected.
However, questions regarding the overall strength of cellular adhesion, the occurring changes on the molecular level upon reaching the migratory stage, as well as a quantification of cellular motility are so far only fragmentarily addressed.
PGCs from the migratory stage show a significantly higher tendency for expansion and contraction of the cellular body than pre-migratory PGCs (Fig. 5B).
In terms of biology this means that the cells display more persistent movement in the migratory stage.
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